CT Anatomy of Paranasal Sinuses in Holstein Cows

VRU 64(2): 211-223

July 05, 2023

Background: The structure of paranasal sinuses in cattle is difficult to understand due to its complexity, age-related changes, and insufficient published data.

Study: This study aimed to describe the normal anatomical details of the paranasal sinuses and their relationships in the Holstein cow, using CT imaging and gross anatomical sections.

Methods: The study was a prospective, anatomic design. The heads of 12 healthy adult Holstein cows were collected from a slaughterhouse in Konya, Turkey. The heads were scanned using CT, and frozen anatomical sections were taken. Image evaluations were performed by an ERB-certified radiologist, a veterinary anatomy professor with 25 years of veterinary anatomy experience and 15 years of CT experience, and a 1-year veterinary anatomy doctor with 10 years of veterinary anatomy experience.

Results: A CT anatomy atlas was created based on data from five animals. The serial CT images showed the details of the paranasal sinuses and their relationship with other tissues. In the skull 3D model examinations, no structural anomaly or pathological structures were found. All permanent teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) were present. The paranasal sinuses on both sides of the head of the cows were composed of the dorsal conchal sinus, middle conchal sinus, ventral conchal sinus, maxillary sinus, lacrimal sinus, palatine sinus, frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, and ethmoidal cells.

Conclusions: This study provided comprehensive and descriptive information about the normal cross-sectional anatomical structures of the paranasal sinuses in Holstein cattle.

Transverse-sections of the paranasal sinuses and the caudal nasal cavity at the level of the maxillary second and third molar teeth in the Holstein cow 8 (6 years old). A,C, CT images (Maximum intensity projection, bone window, 1 mm); B,D, Anatomic sections. IRFS, Intermediate rostral frontal sinus; DCS, Dorsal conchal sinus; MCS, Middle conchal sinus; VCS, Ventral conchal sinus; LS, Lacrimal sinus; MS, Maxillary sinus; PS, Palatine sinus; a, Nasal septum; b, Dorsal nasal concha; c, Ventral nasal concha; d, Nasolacrimal canal; e, Nasomaxillary opening; f, Maxillopalatine opening; g, Masseter muscle; h, Conchofrontal opening; i, Middle nasal concha; j, Maxillolacrimal opening; k, Tongue; 1, Nasal bone; 2, Frontal bone; 3, Maxilla; 3, Palatine process of 3; 3, Infraorbital canal; 4, Vomer; 5, Mandible; 6, Interpalatine septum (Septum sinuum palatinorum); 7, Lacrimal bone; 8, Zygomatic bone (its rostral end); 9, Palatine bone; 9, Palatine canal

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