Fatal Fishborne Illness in Dogs—Clinical Findings from 29 Cases of Salmon Poisoning

Salmon Poisoning Disease in Dogs: 29 Cases (1995–2006)

Jane E. Sykes, Alan M. Schultze, Jonathan A. Stoddard, Patricia A. Foley, Niels C. Pedersen

Background
Salmon poisoning disease (SPD), caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca transmitted through ingestion of raw fish infected with Nanophyetus salmincola, remains a significant, potentially fatal illness in dogs in the Pacific Northwest. Despite known etiology, clinical presentations can be variable and diagnosis may be delayed. This retrospective study aimed to characterize clinical, hematologic, and diagnostic features of SPD in 29 confirmed cases over an 11-year period.

Methods
Medical records from 29 dogs with SPD confirmed by PCR or cytologic detection of N. helminthoeca were reviewed. Data included signalment, clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, treatment, and outcomes. PCR assays were used on various sample types including lymph node aspirates, feces, and blood.

Results
Affected dogs presented with anorexia (97%), vomiting (76%), diarrhea (55%), and pyrexia (93%). Common laboratory abnormalities included thrombocytopenia (90%), lymphopenia (66%), hypoalbuminemia (59%), and azotemia (31%). N. helminthoeca was most frequently detected in lymph node aspirates via cytology and PCR. Empirical treatment with doxycycline and praziquantel led to full recovery in most cases. Two dogs died or were euthanized. PCR was sensitive in lymph node aspirates and feces but less reliable in blood.

Limitations
The study was retrospective with inconsistent sample types and diagnostic testing across cases. The geographic focus on the Pacific Northwest limits generalizability. Follow-up data were limited in some cases.

Conclusions
SPD should be considered in febrile dogs with gastrointestinal signs and potential exposure to raw fish. Cytology and PCR on lymph node aspirates are the most effective diagnostic tools. Early empirical treatment is critical for survival. Increased awareness can reduce mortality through prompt recognition and therapy.

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