Bitsha‐Kitime Dieudoné Kabkia 1,✉, Lobna Ouertani 2, Ali Lamari 2, Germain Nissao Magnibo 1, Abdelmonem Ben Khalifa 2

Background:
Paranasal sinuses in dromedaries are anatomically complex and often implicated in various pathologies due to their proximity to vital structures. Traditional imaging offers limited insights into these structures. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive anatomical description of dromedary paranasal sinuses using both macroscopic dissection and computed tomography (CT), including three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, to enhance clinical diagnostic capability and anatomical understanding.

Methods:
Ten heads from clinically healthy, slaughtered male dromedaries aged 12–18 months were used. Anatomical dissection involved transverse, dorsal, and sagittal sectioning of the heads. CT scans were conducted using a 16-slice helical scanner, producing high-resolution images in axial, sagittal, and dorsal planes. A 3D reconstruction was performed using 3D Slicer software. CT and anatomical images were compared to validate anatomical structures and enhance visualization.

Results:
A total of 1,484 CT images were obtained, from which 16 representative images were used for anatomical reconstruction. The frontal sinus was extensive, bilateral, and subdivided by septa. The ventral conchal sinus was absent. The maxillary sinus was single and undivided. Strong correlation was found between anatomical sections and CT images. The 3D reconstructions offered enhanced visualization of sinus boundaries and relationships to adjacent structures, affirming CT’s diagnostic utility.

Limitations:
The study was limited to cadaver heads, with no in vivo validation or assessment of pathological conditions. Only young, male animals were included, limiting the ability to generalize findings across age groups or sexes. The imaging equipment available limited scanning to the head only.

Conclusions:
This study successfully demonstrated that CT and 3D reconstructions provide detailed, accurate representations of dromedary paranasal sinuses. The integration of anatomical dissection and imaging offers a valuable educational and diagnostic tool, supporting improved interpretation of CT scans in clinical settings and potentially enhancing diagnosis of sinus pathologies in large animals.

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