Rare Nasal Tumor in Dogs: CT Imaging Reveals Key Patterns and Treatment Success

Computer tomographic imaging in 4 dogs with primary nasal canine transmissible venereal tumor and differing cellular phenotype

Javier Ojeda, Marcelo Mieres, Francisco Soto, Verónica Arnes, Enrique Paredes, María Navarrete

Background

Primary nasal canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) without genital involvement is uncommon. This study aimed to describe clinical, cytological, and computed tomography (CT) findings in four dogs with primary nasal CTVT, focusing on differences in cellular phenotype and tumor staging. The authors also explored the relationship between tumor phenotype, invasiveness, and treatment response.

Methods

This case series evaluated four dogs presenting with chronic nasal signs. Diagnostic workup included cytological examination of nasal secretions, histopathology, and molecular confirmation using LINE-1/c-myc PCR. CT imaging was used to stage tumors according to a modified Adams staging system. Cytological phenotypes (plasmacytoid vs. lymphocytoid) were identified. Dogs were treated with chemotherapy (vincristine or doxorubicin), and follow-up included CT imaging, rhinoscopy, and cytology to assess remission.

Results

Three dogs exhibited the plasmacytoid phenotype and showed more extensive nasal destruction, while one dog had the lymphocytoid phenotype with less structural damage. Tumors were staged from 1 to 4 based on CT findings. Despite differences in tumor invasiveness and phenotype, all dogs achieved complete remission following chemotherapy. Minimal metastatic involvement was observed, limited to one case with lymph node involvement.

Limitations

The study is limited by a very small sample size (n=4), restricting generalizability. As a case series, it lacks control groups and statistical analysis. Additionally, the rarity of primary nasal CTVT limits broader conclusions regarding prognosis, phenotype behavior, and optimal treatment protocols.

Conclusions

Primary nasal CTVT can present with varying degrees of local invasiveness depending on cytological phenotype, with plasmacytoid forms associated with greater tissue destruction. However, tumor phenotype and CT stage did not affect responsiveness to chemotherapy, as all cases achieved complete remission. Chemotherapy remains highly effective for this rare presentation.

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