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Cardoso, E.B.M.; Rahal, S.C.; Silva, J.P.d.; Mamprim, M.J.; Filho, J.T.; Frigerio, G.M.; Saldiva, P.H.N.; Ginja, M.M.D.; Werther, K.
Background:
The stifle joint in pumas (Puma concolor) is a complex anatomical and functional structure, similar to domestic cats but with species-specific characteristics. Previous studies on the stifle joint of wild felines were limited to anatomical, radiological, and histological descriptions, lacking advanced imaging techniques. This study aimed to assess the stifle joints of pumas using digital radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide a more detailed anatomical characterization.
Methods:
The study examined the stifle joints of eight pumas (two young, six adults) using radiographs, CT, and 7 Tesla MRI. Radiographic evaluations were performed in craniocaudal and mediolateral views, while CT scans provided multiplanar and 3D reconstructions. MRI was conducted on one animal to evaluate soft tissue structures. Measurements of sesamoid bones and medial meniscus mineralization were taken, and Hounsfield Unit (HU) values were assessed.
Results:
All imaging modalities detected the four sesamoid bones (patella, medial and lateral fabellae, and popliteal sesamoid). The medial meniscus and cruciate ligaments were best visualized using 7 Tesla MRI. Meniscal mineralization was identified in three adult pumas and one young puma, visible across all imaging techniques. The study found no differences in HU values between trabecular bone of the patella and popliteal sesamoid, cortical bone of the patella and fabellae, or cortical bone of the patella and popliteal sesamoid.
Limitations:
The small sample size limited statistical analysis and comparisons across variables such as sex, age, and body mass. The study also lacked longitudinal data to track the development of meniscal mineralization over time.
Conclusions:
The study demonstrated that multiple imaging modalities are necessary for a comprehensive evaluation of the puma stifle joint. MRI provided superior visualization of soft tissue structures, while CT was useful for assessing mineralization. The findings contribute to the anatomical knowledge of Puma concolor and may aid in identifying joint pathologies in this species.
Radiographs in mediolateral (a) and craniocaudal (b) views, and 3D reconstruction computed tomography images in cranial (c) and caudal (d) views of an adult puma stifle joint (Puma concolor). 1—patella, 2—lateral fabella, 3—medial fabella, 4—popliteal sesamoid, 5—mineralization of the medial meniscus. Note meniscal mineralization (5) as a radiopaque structure in the medial compartment of the femorotibial joint (a,b).
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