Radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae and conchal sinuses in mature horses

Diego Darley Velasquez Piñeros, Aymara Eduarda de Lima, Anderson Fernando de Souza, Rubens Peres Mendes, Maurício José Bittar, Silvio Henrique de Freitas, Thiago Bernardino, Rodrigo Romero Corrêa

Background
The study examines the radiographic anatomy of the nasal conchal bullae (dorsal and ventral) and conchal sinuses in mature horses, components of the equine paranasal sinus system. These structures are commonly involved in secondary sinusitis, yet their radiographic features are poorly described. This research aims to enhance the understanding of their radiographic presentation to aid in diagnostics.

Methods
Six cadaveric horse heads without sinus or dental disorders were radiographically and anatomically evaluated. Radiographic techniques included laterolateral, dorsoventral, left and right 30° dorsolateral-lateroventral oblique, and dorsoventral offset views. Contrast media were applied to the nasal conchal structures following surgical access to improve visualization. Anatomical dissections were performed post-radiography.

Results
Radiographic visualization of the dorsal conchal bullae (DCB) and ventral conchal bullae (VCB) varied across views. Laterolateral projections provided good general visualization but overlapped contralateral structures. Oblique and offset dorsoventral views enhanced the identification of medial and lateral aspects of conchal structures. Contrast media highlighted specific compartments, facilitating the radiographic differentiation of the sinuses and bullae.

Limitations
The study's limited sample size and the exclusive use of mature specimens may not capture anatomical variations seen in younger horses. Additionally, findings are not generalizable to cases involving sinusitis or dental pathologies.

Conclusions
The combination of various radiographic views, enhanced by contrast and anatomical dissection, improves the visualization of nasal conchal structures in mature horses. This methodology could refine diagnostic accuracy for sinus-related disorders. Further research involving younger and clinically affected horses is recommended.

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